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EZH2
Final classification
Likely Pathogenic
EZH2 c.1937A>T · p.Tyr646Phe
EZH2

The NM_004456.5:c.1937A>T (p.Tyr646Phe) variant in EZH2 is absent from large population databases including gnomAD v2.1 and v4.1, consistent with a rare pathogenic variant (PM2_Supporting).

Gene
EZH2
Transcript
NM_004456.5
HGVS · transcript:coding
NM_004456.5:c.1937A>T
Consequence
N/A
GRCh38
chr7:148811635 T>A
GRCh37
chr7:148508727 T>A
Basis gene-specific framework lacked a usable explicit final combination framework, so generic ACMG/AMP 2015 final-combination rules were applied as fallback; applied criteria: PS3 strong, PM1 moderate, PM2 supporting; combination = 1 strong + 1 moderate + 1 supporting, which maps to Likely Pathogenic.
gene-specific framework lacked a usable explicit final combination framework, so generic ACMG/AMP 2015 final-combination rules were applied as fallback; applied criteria: PS3 strong, PM1 moderate, PM2 supporting; combination = 1 strong + 1 moderate + 1 supporting, which maps to Likely Pathogenic.
Classification rationale
PS3PM1PM2 Likely Pathogenic
EZH2 c.1937A>T

The NM_004456.5:c.1937A>T (p.Tyr646Phe) variant in EZH2 is absent from large population databases including gnomAD v2.1 and v4.1, consistent with a rare pathogenic variant (PM2_Supporting).1 The variant affects Tyr646 in the SET domain of EZH2, the critical catalytic domain responsible for histone H3K27 methyltransferase activity. This residue is a well-established mutational hotspot recurrently altered in B-cell lymphomas, and benign variation at this position is not observed (PM1).2 Multiple independent functional studies from four publications demonstrate that the p.Tyr646Phe (also known as Y641F) alteration produces a gain-of-function effect: altered substrate specificity leading to increased H3K27 trimethylation in vitro and in vivo (Morin et al. 2010, Sneeringer et al. 2010, Yap et al. 2011), and resistance to Jak2/β-TrCP-mediated degradation resulting in enhanced protein stability (Sahraeian et al. 2014). These well-established functional assays consistently support a damaging effect on the EZH2 protein (PS3_Strong).3 In silico predictions are discordant: REVEL predicts a pathogenic effect (0.853) while BayesDel predicts a benign effect (0.139). SpliceAI predicts no splicing impact (max delta 0.01). These mixed computational predictions do not meet the threshold for either PP3 or BP4.4 Overall classification: Likely Pathogenic. Using generic ACMG/AMP 2015 combination rules (PMID:25741868), the evidence profile of 1 Strong (PS3) + 1 Moderate (PM1) + 1 Supporting (PM2) satisfies the Likely Pathogenic threshold (1 Strong AND 1-2 Moderate).5

PS3 + PM1 + PM2 Likely Pathogenic
Gene diagram · NM_004456.5 · variants mapped to exon structure
EZH2 NM_004456.5
Fetching transcript structure from UCSC…
Applied criteria · 3 met · select any tile
Met
Not met
Not assessed
N/A
Strength very strong supporting
Pathogenic evidence
PVS
PS
PM
PP
Benign evidence
BA
BS
BP
Rationale
Select a criterion.
Sources
Evidence used
    Gaps remaining
      Rule
      Research & evidence
      Population frequency · supports pathogenic
      gnomAD v4.1 screenshot
      gnomAD v4.1
      gnomAD v2.1 screenshot
      gnomAD v2.1
      Population frequency
      Absent from gnomAD v4.1.
      Absent from gnomAD v2.1.
      This variant is absent from gnomAD-Canada.
      ClinVar screenshot
      ClinVar
      This variant is absent from ClinVar.
      SpliceAI screenshot
      In silico
      SpliceAI predicts no significant splice impact for this variant (max delta score = 0.01). REVEL score = 0.853. BayesDel score = 0.138559.
      Functional / OncoKB screenshot
      Functional Likely Oncogenic
      OncoKB identified variant-specific curated literature and context relevant to functional review; biological-effect context: Likely Gain-of-function; curated oncogenicity label: Likely Oncogenic.
      OncoKB ↗
      COSMIC screenshot
      COSMIC
      Cancer hotspots screenshot
      Cancer hotspots
      Somatic evidence Hotspot
      COSMIC
      This variant lies in a statistically significant hotspot. This variant has previously been reported in somatic cancers (COSMIC; COSV57445929, n = 143 times).
      Hotspots
      This variant lies in a statistically significant hotspot.
      Literature · 8 PMIDs triaged · 8 high-priority
      8papers screened
      Papers triaged by theme: functional/splicing/segregation/case_observation. high_priority_papers include abstract snippets. Use these to support PS3/BS3/PS4/PP1/PP3/PP5.
      20081860 ↗ functional
      Somatic mutations altering EZH2 (Tyr641) in follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of germinal-center origin.
      Follicular lymphoma (FL) and the GCB subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) derive from germinal center B cells. Targeted resequencing studies have revealed mutations in various genes encoding proteins in the NF-kappaB pathway that contribute to the activated B-cell (ABC) DLBCL subtype, but thus far few GCB-specific mutations have been identified. Here we report recurrent somatic mutatio
      BS3PM1PS3
      21078963 ↗ functional
      Coordinated activities of wild-type plus mutant EZH2 drive tumor-associated hypertrimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27) in human B-cell lymphomas.
      EZH2, the catalytic subunit of the PRC2 complex, catalyzes the mono- through trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27). Histone H3K27 trimethylation is a mechanism for suppressing transcription of specific genes that are proximal to the site of histone modification. Point mutations of the EZH2 gene (Tyr641) have been reported to be linked to subsets of human B-cell lymphoma. The mutant all
      BS3PM1PS3
      21190999 ↗ functional
      Somatic mutations at EZH2 Y641 act dominantly through a mechanism of selectively altered PRC2 catalytic activity, to increase H3K27 trimethylation.
      Next-generation sequencing of follicular lymphoma and diffuse-large B-cell lymphoma has revealed frequent somatic, heterozygous Y641 mutations in the histone methyltransferase EZH2. Heterozygosity and the presence of equal quantities of both mutant and wild-type mRNA and expressed protein suggest a dominant mode of action. Surprisingly, B-cell lymphoma cell lines and lymphoma samples harboring het
      BS3PM1PS3
      21796119 ↗ functional
      Frequent mutation of histone-modifying genes in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
      Follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are the two most common non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). Here we sequenced tumour and matched normal DNA from 13 DLBCL cases and one FL case to identify genes with mutations in B-cell NHL. We analysed RNA-seq data from these and another 113 NHLs to identify genes with candidate mutations, and then re-sequenced tumour and matched norma
      BS3PM1PS3
      24469040 ↗ functional
      Oncogenic Y641 mutations in EZH2 prevent Jak2/β-TrCP-mediated degradation.
      EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) is a critical enzymatic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which trimethylates histone H3 (H3K27) to mediate gene repression. Somatic mutations, overexpression and hyperactivation of EZH2 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several forms of cancer. In particular, recurrent gain-of-function mutations targeting EZH2 Y641 occur most frequen
      BS3PM1PS3
      25402979 ↗ functional
      Gain-of-function mutation of chromatin regulators as a tumorigenic mechanism and an opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
      Somatic gain-of-function mutations that drive cancer pathogenesis are well established opportunities for therapeutic intervention, as demonstrated by the clinical efficacy of kinase inhibitors in kinase-mutant malignancies. Here, we discuss the recently discovered gain-of-function mutations in chromatin-regulatory machineries that promote the pathogenesis of cancer. The current understanding of th
      BS3PM1PS3
      25671303 ↗ functional
      Epigenetic reprogramming by tumor-derived EZH2 gain-of-function mutations promotes aggressive 3D cell morphologies and enhances melanoma tumor growth.
      In addition to genetic alterations, cancer cells are characterized by myriad epigenetic changes. EZH2 is a histone methyltransferase that is over-expressed and mutated in cancer. The EZH2 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations first identified in lymphomas have recently been reported in melanoma (~2%) but remain uncharacterized. We expressed multiple EZH2 GOF mutations in the A375 metastatic skin melano
      BS3PM1PS3
      30705065 ↗ functional
      Molecular and Genetic Characterization of MHC Deficiency Identifies EZH2 as Therapeutic Target for Enhancing Immune Recognition.
      We performed a genomic, transcriptomic, and immunophenotypic study of 347 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) to uncover the molecular basis underlying acquired deficiency of MHC expression. Low MHC-II expression defines tumors originating from the centroblast-rich dark zone of the germinal center (GC) that was associated with inferior prognosis. MHC-II-deficient tumors were charac
      BS3PM1PS3
      Sources & reference links
      7Sources
      ClinVar
      gnomAD v2.1
      gnomAD v4.1
      SpliceAI
      OncoKB
      COSMIC
      Cancer hotspots