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MLH1
Final classification
Uncertain Significance - Conflicting Evidence
MLH1 c.1094G>A · p.Ser365Asn
MLH1

NM_000249.4:c.1094G>A (p.Ser365Asn) is a missense variant in exon 12 of MLH1, absent from gnomAD v4.1 and v2.1 (PM2_Supporting per VCEP v2.0.0).

Gene
MLH1
Transcript
NM_000249.4
HGVS · transcript:coding
NM_000249.4:c.1094G>A
Consequence
N/A
GRCh38
chr3:37025692 G>A
GRCh37
chr3:37067183 G>A
Basis ClinGen InSiGHT Hereditary Colorectal Cancer/Polyposis Expert Panel Specifications to the ACMG/AMP Variant Interpretation Guidelines for MLH1 Version 2.0.0 v2.0.0 criteria-combination framework: matched Rule31 (Benign.Supporting >=1 + Pathogenic.Supporting >=1) with applied criteria: PM2 supporting, BP4 supporting benign; maps to Uncertain Significance - Conflicting Evidence.
ClinGen InSiGHT Hereditary Colorectal Cancer/Polyposis Expert Panel Specifications to the ACMG/AMP Variant Interpretation Guidelines for MLH1 Version 2.0.0 v2.0.0 criteria-combination framework: matched Rule31 (Benign.Supporting >=1 + Pathogenic.Supporting >=1) with applied criteria: PM2 supporting, BP4 supporting benign; maps to Uncertain Significance - Conflicting Evidence.
Classification rationale
PM2 BP4 Uncertain Significance - Conflicting Evidence
MLH1 c.1094G>A

NM_000249.4:c.1094G>A (p.Ser365Asn) is a missense variant in exon 12 of MLH1, absent from gnomAD v4.1 and v2.1 (PM2_Supporting per VCEP v2.0.0).1 In silico predictors strongly favor a benign effect: HCI prior probability is 0.0025 (BP4_Supporting per VCEP, threshold <0.11), REVEL score is 0.321, and BayesDel score is -0.220172.2 SpliceAI predicts no splicing impact (max delta score 0.01), confirming the variant does not create a cryptic splice site.3 The InSiGHT Locus-Specific Database (Thompson et al. 2013, PMID:22949387) classifies this variant as Class 5 (Pathogenic) based on a multifactorial likelihood model incorporating yeast-based MMR functional defect data and co-segregation in multiple families, but the quantitative calibrated functional odds and segregation likelihood ratios required for VCEP PS3 and PP1 strength assignment were not available in the case materials.4 ClinVar reports this variant as Uncertain Significance (4 clinical laboratories, criteria provided single submitter, ClinVar ID 1790197).5 No tumor pathology data (MSI status, MMR IHC, BRAF V600E, MLH1 methylation) was available to assess PP4 or BP5. Several criteria designated as Not Applicable by the VCEP were not assessed: PVS1 (missense, not null), PS4, PM1, PM6, PP2, PP5, BP1, BP2, BP6, BP7.6

PM2 + BP4 Uncertain Significance - Conflicting Evidence
Gene diagram · NM_000249.4 · variants mapped to exon structure
MLH1 NM_000249.4
Fetching transcript structure from UCSC…
Applied criteria · 2 met · select any tile
Met
Not met
Not assessed
N/A
Strength very strong supporting
Pathogenic evidence
PVS
PS
PM
PP
Benign evidence
BA
BS
BP
Rationale
Select a criterion.
Sources
Evidence used
    Gaps remaining
      Rule
      Research & evidence
      Population frequency
      gnomAD v4.1 screenshot
      gnomAD v4.1
      gnomAD v2.1 screenshot
      gnomAD v2.1
      Population frequency
      Absent from gnomAD v4.1.
      Absent from gnomAD v2.1.
      This variant is absent from gnomAD-Canada.
      ClinVar screenshot
      ClinVar
      This variant has been reported in ClinVar as Uncertain significance (4 clinical laboratories). (ClinVarID = 1790197)
      SpliceAI screenshot
      In silico
      SpliceAI predicts no significant splice impact for this variant (max delta score = 0.01). REVEL score = 0.321. BayesDel score = -0.220172. HCI prior probability for pathogenicity = 0.0025. Custom PP2 score = 0.007.
      Functional / OncoKB screenshot
      Functional Unknown Oncogenic Effect
      OncoKB did not identify variant-specific reviewed functional evidence for this variant; gene-level curated context is available for reviewer follow-up. MLH1, a DNA mismatch repair protein, is recurrently altered by deletion and mutation in various cancer types.
      OncoKB ↗
      COSMIC screenshot
      COSMIC
      Cancer hotspots screenshot
      Cancer hotspots
      Somatic evidence Not in COSMIC / hotspots
      COSMIC
      This variant does not lie in a statistically significant hotspot. This variant has not previously been reported in somatic cancers (COSMIC).
      Hotspots
      This variant does not lie in a statistically significant hotspot.
      Literature · 22 PMIDs triaged · 8 high-priority
      22papers screened
      Papers triaged by theme: functional/splicing/segregation/case_observation. high_priority_papers include abstract snippets. Use these to support PS3/BS3/PS4/PP1/PP3/PP5.
      15662714 ↗ functional
      Identification of Muir-Torre syndrome among patients with sebaceous tumors and keratoacanthomas: role of clinical features, microsatellite instability, and immunohistochemistry.
      The Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) is an autosomal-dominant genodermatosis characterized by the presence of sebaceous gland tumors, with or without keratoacanthomas, associated with visceral malignancies. A subset of patients with MTS is considered a variant of the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma, which is caused by mutations in mismatch-repair genes. The objective of the current study was
      BS3PP5PS3PS4
      25070057 ↗ segregation
      Guidelines on genetic evaluation and management of Lynch syndrome: a consensus statement by the US Multi-society Task Force on colorectal cancer.
      The Multi-Society Task Force, in collaboration with invited experts, developed guidelines to assist health care providers with the appropriate provision of genetic testing and management of patients at risk for and affected with Lynch syndrome as follows: Figure 1 provides a colorectal cancer risk assessment tool to screen individuals in the office or endoscopy setting; Figure 2 illustrates a stra
      BS4PP1PP5PS4
      25645574 ↗ splicing rna
      ACG clinical guideline: Genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes.
      This guideline presents recommendations for the management of patients with hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. The initial assessment is the collection of a family history of cancers and premalignant gastrointestinal conditions and should provide enough information to develop a preliminary determination of the risk of a familial predisposition to cancer. Age at diagnosis and lineage (ma
      BP7PP3PP5PS4PVS1
      25741868 ↗ functional
      Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology.
      The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) previously developed guidance for the interpretation of sequence variants.(1) In the past decade, sequencing technology has evolved rapidly with the advent of high-throughput next-generation sequencing. By adopting and leveraging next-generation sequencing, clinical laboratories are now performing an ever-increasing catalogue of genetic
      BS3PS3PS4
      11598466 ↗ case observation
      Practice parameters for the identification and testing of patients at risk for dominantly inherited colorectal cancer--supporting documentation.
      PP5PS4
      15604628 ↗ case observation
      Genetic cancer risk assessment and counseling: recommendations of the national society of genetic counselors.
      These cancer genetic counseling recommendations describe the medical, psychosocial, and ethical ramifications of identifying at-risk individuals through cancer risk assessment with or without genetic testing. They were developed by members of the Practice Issues Subcommittee of the National Society of Genetic Counselors Cancer Genetic Counseling Special Interest Group. The information contained in
      PP5PS4
      20065170 ↗ case observation
      American Society of Clinical Oncology policy statement update: genetic and genomic testing for cancer susceptibility.
      PP5PS4
      20301390 ↗ case observation
      Untitled reference
      PP5PS4
      28492532 ↗ background review
      Sherloc: a comprehensive refinement of the ACMG-AMP variant classification criteria.
      PS3PS4
      Sources & reference links
      8Sources
      CSpec VCEP
      ClinVar
      gnomAD v2.1
      gnomAD v4.1
      SpliceAI
      OncoKB
      COSMIC
      Cancer hotspots