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EZH2
Final classification
Likely Pathogenic
EZH2 c.1937A>T · p.Tyr646Phe
EZH2

The NM_004456.5:c.1937A>T (p.Tyr646Phe) variant in EZH2 is absent from large population databases including gnomAD v2.1 and v4.1, consistent with a rare pathogenic variant (PM2_Supporting).

Gene
EZH2
Transcript
NM_004456.5
HGVS · transcript:coding
NM_004456.5:c.1937A>T
Consequence
N/A
GRCh38
chr7:148811635 T>A
GRCh37
chr7:148508727 T>A
Basis gene-specific framework lacked a usable explicit final combination framework, so generic ACMG/AMP 2015 final-combination rules were applied as fallback; applied criteria: PS3 strong, PM1 moderate, PM2 supporting; combination = 1 strong + 1 moderate + 1 supporting, which maps to Likely Pathogenic.
gene-specific framework lacked a usable explicit final combination framework, so generic ACMG/AMP 2015 final-combination rules were applied as fallback; applied criteria: PS3 strong, PM1 moderate, PM2 supporting; combination = 1 strong + 1 moderate + 1 supporting, which maps to Likely Pathogenic.
Classification rationale
PS3PM1PM2 Likely Pathogenic
EZH2 c.1937A>T

The NM_004456.5:c.1937A>T (p.Tyr646Phe) variant in EZH2 is absent from large population databases including gnomAD v2.1 and v4.1, consistent with a rare pathogenic variant (PM2_Supporting).1 The variant affects Tyr646 in the SET domain of EZH2, the critical catalytic domain responsible for histone H3K27 methyltransferase activity. This residue is a well-established mutational hotspot recurrently altered in B-cell lymphomas, and benign variation at this position is not observed (PM1).2 Multiple independent functional studies from four publications demonstrate that the p.Tyr646Phe (also known as Y641F) alteration produces a gain-of-function effect: altered substrate specificity leading to increased H3K27 trimethylation in vitro and in vivo (Morin et al. 2010, Sneeringer et al. 2010, Yap et al. 2011), and resistance to Jak2/β-TrCP-mediated degradation resulting in enhanced protein stability (Sahraeian et al. 2014). These well-established functional assays consistently support a damaging effect on the EZH2 protein (PS3_Strong).3 In silico predictions are discordant: REVEL predicts a pathogenic effect (0.853) while BayesDel predicts a benign effect (0.139). SpliceAI predicts no splicing impact (max delta 0.01). These mixed computational predictions do not meet the threshold for either PP3 or BP4.4 Overall classification: Likely Pathogenic. Using generic ACMG/AMP 2015 combination rules (PMID:25741868), the evidence profile of 1 Strong (PS3) + 1 Moderate (PM1) + 1 Supporting (PM2) satisfies the Likely Pathogenic threshold (1 Strong AND 1-2 Moderate).5

PS3 + PM1 + PM2 Likely Pathogenic
Gene diagram · NM_004456.5 · variants mapped to exon structure
EZH2 NM_004456.5
Fetching transcript structure from UCSC…
Applied criteria · 3 applied · 17 assessed
Applied · 3
Strength Supporting Moderate Strong Very strong
PS3 strong Pathogenic
Well-established functional studies from four independent publications demonstrate that the p.Tyr646Phe (Y641F) alteration causes a gain-of-function effect: altered substrate specificity with increased H3K27 trimethylation activity (PMID:20081860, PMID:21078963, PMID:21190999) and resistance to Jak2/β-TrCP-mediated degradation with increased protein stability (PMID:24469040). Multiple orthogonal functional assays (in vitro methyltransferase assays, cell-based H3K27me3 quantification, protein stability/degradation assays) consistently support a damaging effect on the EZH2 protein.
PMID:20081860: demonstrated Y641F alters EZH2 enzymatic activity with reduced monomethylation but altered substrate preference.PMID:21078963: demonstrated Y641F has decreased monomethylation but enhanced di-/trimethylation catalytic efficiency relative to wild-typewith increased H3K27me3 in cells.
PM1 moderate Pathogenic
The p.Tyr646Phe variant is located in the SET domain of EZH2 (residues 613-727), a well-established critical functional domain responsible for histone methyltransferase activity. Position 646 is a known mutational hotspot in both somatic cancer (COSMIC, Cancer Hotspots) and is within a region where benign variation is not observed. Multiple publications confirm that this residue is recurrently altered in disease.
Residue Y646 is in the SET domainthe catalytic domain of EZH2.Cancer Hotspots identifies this residue as statistically significant for mutation.
PM2 supporting Pathogenic
The variant is absent from gnomAD v2.1 (exomes) and gnomAD v4.1 (exomes/genomes), indicating it is not observed in large population databases and supporting a pathogenic role.
gnomAD v2.1: absent (0 alleles).gnomAD v4.1: absent (0 alleles).
Assessed · not applied
Pathogenic
PS2 No de novo occurrence data (with confirmed maternity/paternity) was available for this variant.
PS4 No case-control or cohort data comparing variant prevalence in affected individuals versus controls for a germline phenotype is available.
PM6 No confirmed de novo report for this specific variant was identified.
PP1 No segregation data (co-segregation of the variant with disease in multiple affected family members) is available for this variant.
PP2 While EZH2 missense variants are a known mechanism of Weaver syndrome (a germline overgrowth disorder), gnomAD missense constraint metrics (Z-score, o/e ratio) were not retrieved to confirm a low rate of benign missense variation in this gene.
PP3 In silico predictions are discordant: REVEL predicts a pathogenic effect (score 0.853, above the >0.5 threshold), but BayesDel predicts a benign effect (score 0.139, below the >0.27 pathogenic threshold).
PP4 No patient phenotype or family history information is available for this case to assess whether the clinical presentation is highly specific for EZH2-related disease.
Benign
BA1 The variant is absent from gnomAD v2.1 and v4.1.
BS1 The variant is absent from gnomAD v2.1 and v4.1.
BS2 No data are available regarding observation of this variant in a homozygous or hemizygous state in healthy adults with full penetrance expected at an early age.
BS3 Well-established functional studies demonstrate a gain-of-function damaging effect for p.Tyr646Phe (Y641F), including increased H3K27 trimethylation and enhanced protein stability.
BS4 No segregation data are available to evaluate lack of segregation of the variant with disease in affected family members.
BP1 BP1 applies to missense variants in genes where primarily truncating variants are known to cause disease.
BP2 No data are available regarding observation of this variant in trans with a pathogenic variant for a fully penetrant dominant disorder, or in cis with a pathogenic variant.
BP4 Multiple lines of computational evidence do not consistently suggest no impact.
BP5 No data are available regarding observation of this variant in a case with an alternate molecular basis for disease.
BP6 No reputable source has reported this variant as benign.
N/A · 6 PVS1 · PS1 · PM5 · PP5 · BP3 · BP7
Research & evidence
Population frequency · supports pathogenic
gnomAD v4.1 screenshot
gnomAD v4.1
gnomAD v2.1 screenshot
gnomAD v2.1
v4.1
Absent from gnomAD v4.1.
v2.1
Absent from gnomAD v2.1.
🇨🇦 CA
This variant is absent from gnomAD-Canada.
Allele frequency by ancestry
three datasets · side by side
gnomAD v4.1
Absent · 0 / ?
0 hom
Not observed in any ancestry group.
gnomAD v2.1
Absent · 0 / ?
0 hom
Not observed in any ancestry group.
gnomAD Canada 🇨🇦
Absent · 0 / ?
0 hom
Not observed in any ancestry group.
ClinVar screenshot
ClinVar
This variant is absent from ClinVar.
SpliceAI screenshot
In silico
SpliceAI predicts no significant splice impact for this variant (max delta score = 0.01). REVEL score = 0.853. BayesDel score = 0.138559.
Functional / OncoKB screenshot
Functional Likely Oncogenic
OncoKB identified variant-specific curated literature and context relevant to functional review; biological-effect context: Likely Gain-of-function; curated oncogenicity label: Likely Oncogenic.
OncoKB ↗
COSMIC screenshot
COSMIC
Cancer hotspots screenshot
Cancer hotspots
Somatic evidence Hotspot
COSMIC
This variant lies in a statistically significant hotspot. This variant has previously been reported in somatic cancers (COSMIC; COSV57445929, n = 143 times).
Hotspots
This variant lies in a statistically significant hotspot.
Literature · how each cited paper was used
4papers cited
Each card is an audit: what was searched, what was found, whether it names the variant, which criteria it fed, and why. 4 further PMIDs triaged but not cited — see Sources & References.
Somatic mutations altering EZH2 (Tyr641) in follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of germinal-center origin.
Found
demonstrated Y641F alters EZH2 enzymatic activity with reduced monomethylation but altered substrate preference.
Applied to
PM1 supports · met PS3 supports · met
Coordinated activities of wild-type plus mutant EZH2 drive tumor-associated hypertrimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27) in human B-cell lymphomas.
Found
demonstrated Y641F has decreased monomethylation but enhanced di-/trimethylation catalytic efficiency relative to wild-type with increased H3K27me3 in cells.
Applied to
PS3 supports · met
Somatic mutations at EZH2 Y641 act dominantly through a mechanism of selectively altered PRC2 catalytic activity, to increase H3K27 trimethylation.
Found
demonstrated Y641F acts dominantly to increase H3K27 trimethylation in lymphoma cells EZH2-Y641F expression in cells with wild-type EZH2 resulted in increased H3K27me3 in vivo.
Applied to
PM1 supports · met PS3 supports · met
Oncogenic Y641 mutations in EZH2 prevent Jak2/β-TrCP-mediated degradation.
Found
demonstrated Y641F prevents Jak2/β-TrCP-mediated degradation leading to increased EZH2 protein stability and elevated H3K27me3.
Applied to
PS3 supports · met
Sources & reference links
7Sources
ClinVar
gnomAD v2.1
gnomAD v4.1
SpliceAI
OncoKB
COSMIC
Cancer hotspots
Triaged references · 4 PMIDs not cited in assessment
21796119 ↗ Frequent mutation of histone-modifying genes in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. ONCOKB
25402979 ↗ Gain-of-function mutation of chromatin regulators as a tumorigenic mechanism and an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. ONCOKB
25671303 ↗ Epigenetic reprogramming by tumor-derived EZH2 gain-of-function mutations promotes aggressive 3D cell morphologies and enhances melanoma tumor growth. ONCOKB
30705065 ↗ Molecular and Genetic Characterization of MHC Deficiency Identifies EZH2 as Therapeutic Target for Enhancing Immune Recognition. ONCOKB