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EZH2
Final classification
Likely Pathogenic
EZH2 c.1937A>T · p.Tyr646Phe
EZH2

The NM_004456.5:c.1937A>T (p.Tyr646Phe) variant in EZH2 is absent from large population databases including gnomAD v2.1 and v4.1, consistent with a rare pathogenic variant (PM2_Supporting).

Gene
EZH2
Transcript
NM_004456.5
HGVS · transcript:coding
NM_004456.5:c.1937A>T
Consequence
N/A
GRCh38
chr7:148811635 T>A
GRCh37
chr7:148508727 T>A
Basis gene-specific framework lacked a usable explicit final combination framework, so generic ACMG/AMP 2015 final-combination rules were applied as fallback; applied criteria: PS3 strong, PM1 moderate, PM2 supporting; combination = 1 strong + 1 moderate + 1 supporting, which maps to Likely Pathogenic.
gene-specific framework lacked a usable explicit final combination framework, so generic ACMG/AMP 2015 final-combination rules were applied as fallback; applied criteria: PS3 strong, PM1 moderate, PM2 supporting; combination = 1 strong + 1 moderate + 1 supporting, which maps to Likely Pathogenic.
Classification rationale
PS3PM1PM2 Likely Pathogenic
EZH2 c.1937A>T

The NM_004456.5:c.1937A>T (p.Tyr646Phe) variant in EZH2 is absent from large population databases including gnomAD v2.1 and v4.1, consistent with a rare pathogenic variant (PM2_Supporting).1 The variant affects Tyr646 in the SET domain of EZH2, the critical catalytic domain responsible for histone H3K27 methyltransferase activity. This residue is a well-established mutational hotspot recurrently altered in B-cell lymphomas, and benign variation at this position is not observed (PM1).2 Multiple independent functional studies from four publications demonstrate that the p.Tyr646Phe (also known as Y641F) alteration produces a gain-of-function effect: altered substrate specificity leading to increased H3K27 trimethylation in vitro and in vivo (Morin et al. 2010, Sneeringer et al. 2010, Yap et al. 2011), and resistance to Jak2/β-TrCP-mediated degradation resulting in enhanced protein stability (Sahraeian et al. 2014). These well-established functional assays consistently support a damaging effect on the EZH2 protein (PS3_Strong).3 In silico predictions are discordant: REVEL predicts a pathogenic effect (0.853) while BayesDel predicts a benign effect (0.139). SpliceAI predicts no splicing impact (max delta 0.01). These mixed computational predictions do not meet the threshold for either PP3 or BP4.4 Overall classification: Likely Pathogenic. Using generic ACMG/AMP 2015 combination rules (PMID:25741868), the evidence profile of 1 Strong (PS3) + 1 Moderate (PM1) + 1 Supporting (PM2) satisfies the Likely Pathogenic threshold (1 Strong AND 1-2 Moderate).5

PS3 + PM1 + PM2 Likely Pathogenic
Gene diagram · NM_004456.5 · variants mapped to exon structure
EZH2 NM_004456.5
Fetching transcript structure from UCSC…
Applied criteria · 3 met · select any tile
Met
Not met
Not assessed
N/A
Strength very strong supporting
Pathogenic evidence
PVS
PS
PM
PP
Benign evidence
BA
BS
BP
Rationale
Select a criterion.
Sources
Evidence used
    Gaps remaining
      Rule
      Research & evidence
      Population frequency · supports pathogenic
      gnomAD v4.1 screenshot
      gnomAD v4.1
      gnomAD v2.1 screenshot
      gnomAD v2.1
      v4.1
      Absent from gnomAD v4.1.
      v2.1
      Absent from gnomAD v2.1.
      🇨🇦 CA
      This variant is absent from gnomAD-Canada.
      Allele frequency by ancestry
      three datasets · side by side
      gnomAD v4.1
      Absent · 0 / ?
      0 hom
      Not observed in any ancestry group.
      gnomAD v2.1
      Absent · 0 / ?
      0 hom
      Not observed in any ancestry group.
      gnomAD Canada 🇨🇦
      Absent · 0 / ?
      0 hom
      Not observed in any ancestry group.
      ClinVar screenshot
      ClinVar
      This variant is absent from ClinVar.
      SpliceAI screenshot
      In silico
      SpliceAI predicts no significant splice impact for this variant (max delta score = 0.01). REVEL score = 0.853. BayesDel score = 0.138559.
      Functional / OncoKB screenshot
      Functional Likely Oncogenic
      OncoKB identified variant-specific curated literature and context relevant to functional review; biological-effect context: Likely Gain-of-function; curated oncogenicity label: Likely Oncogenic.
      OncoKB ↗
      COSMIC screenshot
      COSMIC
      Cancer hotspots screenshot
      Cancer hotspots
      Somatic evidence Hotspot
      COSMIC
      This variant lies in a statistically significant hotspot. This variant has previously been reported in somatic cancers (COSMIC; COSV57445929, n = 143 times).
      Hotspots
      This variant lies in a statistically significant hotspot.
      Literature · how each cited paper was used
      4papers cited
      Each card is an audit: what was searched, what was found, whether it names the variant, which criteria it fed, and why. 4 further PMIDs triaged but not cited — see Sources & References.
      Somatic mutations altering EZH2 (Tyr641) in follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of germinal-center origin.
      Found
      demonstrated Y641F alters EZH2 enzymatic activity with reduced monomethylation but altered substrate preference.
      Applied to
      PM1 supports · met PS3 supports · met
      Coordinated activities of wild-type plus mutant EZH2 drive tumor-associated hypertrimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27) in human B-cell lymphomas.
      Found
      demonstrated Y641F has decreased monomethylation but enhanced di-/trimethylation catalytic efficiency relative to wild-type with increased H3K27me3 in cells.
      Applied to
      PS3 supports · met
      Somatic mutations at EZH2 Y641 act dominantly through a mechanism of selectively altered PRC2 catalytic activity, to increase H3K27 trimethylation.
      Found
      demonstrated Y641F acts dominantly to increase H3K27 trimethylation in lymphoma cells EZH2-Y641F expression in cells with wild-type EZH2 resulted in increased H3K27me3 in vivo.
      Applied to
      PM1 supports · met PS3 supports · met
      Oncogenic Y641 mutations in EZH2 prevent Jak2/β-TrCP-mediated degradation.
      Found
      demonstrated Y641F prevents Jak2/β-TrCP-mediated degradation leading to increased EZH2 protein stability and elevated H3K27me3.
      Applied to
      PS3 supports · met
      Sources & reference links
      7Sources
      ClinVar
      gnomAD v2.1
      gnomAD v4.1
      SpliceAI
      OncoKB
      COSMIC
      Cancer hotspots
      Triaged references · 4 PMIDs not cited in assessment
      21796119 ↗ Frequent mutation of histone-modifying genes in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. ONCOKB
      25402979 ↗ Gain-of-function mutation of chromatin regulators as a tumorigenic mechanism and an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. ONCOKB
      25671303 ↗ Epigenetic reprogramming by tumor-derived EZH2 gain-of-function mutations promotes aggressive 3D cell morphologies and enhances melanoma tumor growth. ONCOKB
      30705065 ↗ Molecular and Genetic Characterization of MHC Deficiency Identifies EZH2 as Therapeutic Target for Enhancing Immune Recognition. ONCOKB